![]() For this reason, tubal and uterine examination plays a major role in the evaluation of the infertile couples and it is mandatory before assisted reproductive techniques (ART) such as intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilization, is started. In particular, uterine anomalies or structural abnormalities of the fallopian tubes are diagnosed in 3% and 16% infertile women, respectively. Tubal and uterine cavity diseases commonly compromise female fertility (14% of couples who require specialist treatment). The etiology and pathophysiology of infertility are unexplained in some couples, but one-third of infertility cases are related to female factor. Consequently, we support its introduction as a first-line procedure for tubal patency and uterine cavity investigation in infertile women. H圜oSy is a well-tolerated examination and the associated vagal effects are unusual and generally mild. No severe vaso-vagal reactions or late complications were observed. Twenty-six patients (4.11%) showed mild vaso-vagal reactions that resolved without atropine administration. Fifteen (2.37%) patients required drug administration for pain relief. Only 6.48% (41/632) of the patient population experienced severe pelvic pain. Most of the patients (374/632, 59.17%) rated H圜oSy as a non-painful procedure, whereas 24.36% (154/632) women reported mild pelvic pain and 9.96% (63/632) classified the discomfort as “moderate”. ![]() The mean numeric rating scale was 2.15 ± 2.0 SD. Side effects and late complications were also recorded. Pain perception of 632 infertile women was measured by means of an 11-point numeric rating scale. This prospective study was aimed at evaluating the tolerability of the technique as well as the incidence of related side effects and complications in a large series of infertile patients. Nevertheless, consistent evidence supports the reliability of Hysterosalpingocontrast sonography (H圜oSy) in uterine cavity and tubal patency investigation, as a part of the standard infertility work-up. ![]() At the present time, hysteroscopy, laparoscopy with chromopertubation and RX-Hysterosalpingography (RX-HSG) are widely accepted screening procedures enabling the effective assessment of both tubal patency and uterine cavity. Tubal and uterine cavity diseases commonly compromise female fertility.
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